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¬öº¸µn (Giddens) »{¬°°¨²Ðº¸¤Ó¼ÖÆ[¤Î¬ü¤Æ¸ê¥»¥D¸qªÀ·|µo®i¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¤½¥ÁÅv³dªºµo®i±q¨Ó¤£¬O¤@­Ó¦ÛµM¬yºZªº¶i¤Æ¹Lµ{¡A°ê®a¦b»Ý­n®É«K·|¥[¥H´©¤â¡A§ï­²¨î«×¡C¥¦¬O¶¥¯Å°«ª§ªºµ²ªG¡C¤Q¤K¡B¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¡A¸ê²£¶¥¯Å³vº¥Ãe¤j¡A¬D¾Ô²Îªv¬ÓÅv¡A¤H¥Á­²©R³Ó§Q¡A¥ÁÅv©M¬FÅv¨ü¨ì¨î«×«O»Ù¡C¦ý¥ç¥[±j¸ê²£¶¥¯ÅªºÅv¤O¤Î¹ï¤u¤Hªº­é«d¡C¤u¤Hªº¬FªvÅv§Q©M¸gÀÙÅv§Q¬O¤À³Îªº¡C¦b¬Fªv¤W¡A¥L­Ì»P¸ê¥»®a¬O¥­µ¥ªº¡A¦ý¤W¯Z«á¡A¦b¸gÀÙ¤W¡A¥L­Ì¨ü¨ì¤£¥­µ¥«Ý¹J¡C¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¥½¦Ü¤Ü¥@¬ö¡A¤£¦Pªº³Ò¤u¬¡°Ê¡A¦¨¥\ª§¨ú¶°Åé¥ÁÅv¡A¥]¬A²Õ´¤u·|¡B½}¤u¡B¶°Åé½Í§Pµ¥Åv§Q¡A©M¨ä¥LªÀ·|ºÖ§Q«O»Ù¡C¬öº¸µn¶i¤@¨B»¡¡A¤½¥ÁÅv³dµo®i¨Ã¤£¬O³æµ{¡B¤£¥i°fÂ઺¹Lµ{¡A¦Ó¬O»Ý­n¤£Â_ª§¨úªº¡C¥L»{¬°¶¥¯Å¹ï¥ß¡B°«ª§¬O¤½¥ÁÅv¯qµo®iªº°Ê¤O©M´C¤¶¡CªÀ·|¤º¶¥¬q½Ä¬ð¦³®ø´î¶¥¯Å¤£¥­µ¥©M©Ý®i¤H¦Û¥Ñªº¥\¯à¡C«ö¦¹«ä·Q¡A¤½¥ÁÅv³dµo®i¤£³æ®ø´î¤u¤H»P¸ê¥»®a¤§¶¡ªº¤£¥­µ¥¡A§ó«ü¦VªÀ·|¤W¤£¦PªÀ¸sªº¤£¥­µ¥©M¨ü¤ä°t¡A¦p©Ê§O¡BºØ±Ú¡B©Ê¨ú¦V¤Î¦ÛµMÀô¹Òµ¥¡C¬öº¸µnªº§åµû§ó²`¨è¦a«ü¥X¤½¥ÁÅv³dµo®i»PªÀ·|¶¥¯Å½ÄªºÅGÃÒÃö«Y¡C5

¤å¦Ì°ª (Michael Mann) ¦b¡u²Îªv¶¥¯Åªºµ¦²¤»P¤½¥ÁÅv³d¡v¤@¤å¤¤¡A6¤ñ¸û¤£¦P°ê®a¤½¥ÁÅv³dªºµo®i¹Lµ{»Pµ²ªG¡CªÖ©w¤F¤½¥ÁÅv³dµo®i¤£¬O¤@­Ó¦ÛµM¶i¤Æ¹Lµ{¡A§ó´£¥X²Îªv¶¥¯Å­±¹ïªÀ·|¶¥¯Å½Ä¬ðªºµ¦²¤¬O¤½¥ÁÅv³dµo®iªº­«­n¦]¯À¡C¤å¤ó¦b¬FÅéµo®iªº¥XµoÂI¤W¤À¦¨¨âÃþ¡A¤@¬O±M¨î§g¥D¡A¥t¥~¬O¾Ëªk¬FÅv¡A¬É¥G¤GªÌ¤§¶¡ªº¦³¡uÄv³v¡vªº¬FÅv¡A«ü¾Ëªk¥D¸qªÌ»P¡u¤Ï°ÊªÌ¡vªº¿E¯PÄv³v¡F©M¡u´|¦X¡vªº¬FÅv¡A«ü¸û·Å©MªºÄv³v¡CºÞªvªÌªºµ¦²¤·|§ïÅܵo®iªºµ²ªG¡C¾ú¥v¤W¡AºÞªvªÌ¥i¥H§ï¨}¡B½Õ¨ó¡B±±¨î¡BÂíÀ£µ¥¤£¦Pµ¦²¤³y¦¨¤£¦Pµ²ªG¡C¦¹¥~¡AºÞªvªÌ¹ï¤TÃþÅv§Qªº¤£¦PºÞ¨î¤]¬O­«­n¦]¯À¡A¨Ò¦p¯Çºé¼w°ê¸T¨î¥ÁÅv»P¬FªvÅv¡A«o¿n·¥µo®iªÀ·|Åv§Q¡C¤å¤ó±q¾ú¥v¹êÃÒ¨¤«×¡A¸É¥R¤FºÞªv¶¥¯Åµ¦²¤ªº¼vÅT¦]¯À¡C

Bryan S. Turner¦b¡u¤@­Ó¤½¥Á²z½×ªººõ­n¡v¤¤7ºî¦X¤F¬öº¸µn¤Î¤å¦Ì°ªªº«ä·Q¡A«ü¥X¤F¤½¥ÁÅv³dµo®iªº¨â­Ó¤è¦V¡G±q¤W¦Ó¤U¡A§YºÞªv¶¥¯Åµ¦²¤¡F±q¤U¦Ó¤W¡A§YªÀ·|¸s²³¹B°Ê¡C

ºî¦X¦Ó¨¥¡A¤½¥Á¬O¤@ªk©w¨­¥÷¡A¬O¦b©ÒªAÄݪº¥DÅv¬FªvªÀ¸s¤º¡A¸gªk«ß¤Î¨î«×©Ò«O»Ù¡A¨É¦³¤£¦PÅv§Q©M¸q°È¡C¨î«×©MÅv§Qªº½T¥ß¬O¸g¹L¤@­Ó¶¥¯Å¤¬°Êªº¹Lµ{¡A·í¤¤ºÞªvªÌ»P³QºÞªvªÌ¡A¸ê¥»®a»P¤u¤H¡A¥D¾ÉªÀ¸s»P®z¶ÕªÀ¸s¶¡¤¬¬Û¹ï¥ß¡B½Ä¬ð¤Î¨ó½Õ¡C´«¨¥¤§¡A¤½¥Á¬O¤@­Ó«Ø°ò©ó¥­µ¥ªºªÀ·|¦¨­û¸ê®æ¡A¦¨­ûªº¨­¥÷»{¦P·P¦b©ó¼W¥[¤½¥ÁÅv³d¡A§Y­Ó¤HÅv³d¶V¦h¡AªÀ·|¶V¤½¥­¡AÂkÄÝ·P¤]¶V±j¡C¦]¦¹¡A­nµo®i¦¨¦Û¥Ñ¥Á¥DªººÖ§Q°ê®a¡A¥h«O»Ù©Ò¦³¤½¥Á¨É¦³³o¤TºØÅv§Q¡A°Ñ»PªÀ·|¦@¦P¥Í¬¡¡C

ÁöµMµo®i¹Lµ{¤¤¡AºÞªvªÌ©M³QºÞªvªÌ¡AªÀ·|¤£¦P¶¥¯Å§¡·|¦³¾÷·|°Ñ»P¡A¦ý³oºØ¥HÅv³d¬É©wªº¤½¥Á·§©À¡A¤´¬O¡u³Q°Ê¡v©M¡u¨p¤H¡vªº¡C¦]¥¦±j½Õªº¬O³Q°Êªº¨üªk«ß©Ò½á¤©ªº¸ê®æ¡A¥¦©ÒÅU¤Îªº¬O­Ó¤HªºÅv§Q¡A¦Ü©ó°Ñ»P¤½¦@¨Æ°Èªº¸q°È«oµ´¤Ö´£¤Î¡C¤½¥Á·§©À»P°ê®a¹Îµ²¦X¤@¡A³o­Ó¥u¬O²z©À°²³]¤Wºc¦¨¤£¦P¦¨­ûªº¬Û¦P°ò¦¡A§Y¤H¤H¨É¦³¥­µ¥Åv§Q¡C¦ý¹ê»Ú¤W¡A¨Ã¨S¦³¥ô¦ó¦@¦P¸gÅç¡A¨­¥÷»{¦P¥hÁpô¤£¦Pªº¦¨­û¡C³o»Ý­n¥t¤@²z½×¥h¸É¥R¡C

 

 

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¤½¥Á©w¸qªº­«ÂI¦b©óªÀ·|³d¥ô©M¸q°È¡C­Ó¤H¥»½è¤W¤£¯à»P¸sÅé¤À³Î¡A¹ï¸sÅ骺»Ý­n¤]¤£¬O¥~¦b¤u¨ã·N¸qªº¡C­n¹F¨ì¤H©Êº¡¥þ¡A­Ó¤H»P¸sÅé¬O¨Ã¦sªº¡C¦ý¦b§¹º¡µ{«×¦Ó¨¥¡A¬Fªv¸sÅé¬O¤ñ­Ó¤HÀu¥ýªº¡C11¦]¦¹­Ó¤HÅv§Q©MªÀ·|³d¥ô¬O¨Ã¦s¡A¦ÓªÀ·|³d¥ô¬OÀu¥ýªº¡C¥j§Æþ¤Îù°¨¦@©M°ê¦b°ê®a¬°¥ýªº­ì«h¤U¡A±Ð¨|¸s²³¡A°ö¾i·R°ê±¡¾Þ¡C¤½¥Á¨­¥÷¤£¦b©óºØ±Ú¡B¤å¤Æ©MÅv§QªºªÖ©w¡A¦Ó¬O¹ÎÅ骺»{¦P·P¡A©Ò¥H¨È¨½¤h¦h¼w»¡¡A¤£³æ©~¥Áªº¤÷¥À¥²¶·¬O¤½¥Á¡A¦Ó­n¤T¡B¥|¥N¥H¤Wªº¯ª¥ý¤]¶·¬O·í¦a¤½¥Á¡C12³o¶µ­n¨Dªí©ú¹ÎÅéÂkÄÝ·Pªº­«­n¡A°ê®aµo®i­º­n°ö¾i¤½¥Á¼w¦æ¡C

¤ñ¹ï¥j¨å¦@©M¥D¸qªÌ¡A¥j¨å¦Û¥Ñ¥D¸qªÌ»{¬°¤H¬O¦Û¨p¡B¦Û¨¬ªº¡A¤H¦b³Q­¢ªº±¡ªp¤U²Õ¦¨¬Fªv¸sÅé¡A¦Ó¨î«×¤Îµ{§Ç¾÷¨î¥i¨Ï¦UºØ§Q¯q¤¬¬ÛºÊ¹î¡B¤¬¬Û¨î¿Å¡A¦p¤À¶}¦æ¬F¡B¥ßªk¤Î¥qªkªºÅv¤O¡Aij·|¨î©ÎÁp¨¹¨î«×¡CÅý­Ó¤H¤Î¤£¦P¸sÅé¦Û¥Ñ¦a°l´M¦U¦Ûªº©¯ºÖ¡A¦]¦¹¨Ã¤£»Ý­n°ö¾i¤½¥Á¼w¦æ¡C¦ý¨Æ¹êÃÒ©ú¤½¥Á¹D¼w¬O»Ý­nªº¡C¤½¦@¬Fµ¦°²­Y¯Ê¥F¤½¥Á¼w¦æªº°t¦X¬O¥Ã¤£À٨ƪº¡C°²­Y¤½¥Á¤£ª`­«°·±d½Ã¥Í¡A©ñÁa¶¼­¹¡AÀÝ¥ÎÂåÀøºÖ§Q¡A¦A¦hªºÂåÀø¬z¶K¤]µL¸É©ó¨Æ¡C¤½¥Á¤£·ÓÅU¦Û¤vªº¿Ë¤H¡A¬F©²¤]¤£¥i¯à·ÓÅU²³¦hªº¨àµ£¡B¦Ñ¤H©M¶Ë´Ý¤H¤h¡C¤½¥Á¤£´î¤Ö¥Î¤£Àô«Oªºª«¥ó¡A¹Á¸Õ¥Î¦A´`Àôª«®Æ¡A·RÅ@¤j¦ÛµM¡A¬F©²ªºÀô«O¬Fµ¦ª`©w¥¢±Ñ¡C¤½¥Á¯Ê¥F¤½¸q·NÃÑ¡Aª[µø¥L¤H¡A¬F©²¤S¦p¦ó«Ø³]¤½¥­¥¿¸qªºªÀ·|¡H¤W­z±¡ªp«ü¥X­Ó¤Hªº¥Í¬¡ºA«×©M»ù­ÈÆ[¨¬¥H¨M©w¤½¦@¬Fµ¦ªº¦¨±Ñ¡C°£¤F¾÷¨î¥~¡A°ö¾i¤½¥Á¼w¦æ¤~¬O¨Ï°ê®a¹Îµ²¤§¹D¡C¦ý±j½Õ¤£¦PªÀ·|³d¥ô¤]³y¦¨ªÀ·|¤£¦Pªºµo®i¡C

 

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1 ¨È¨½¤h¦h¼w¡m¬Fªv¾Ç¡n1274b40

2 ©v22:25-28

3 T. H. Marshall, "Citizenship & Social Class" in T.H. Marshall, Class, Citizenship and Social Development (Chicago: 1973)

4 T.H. Marshall, ¡§Citizenship and Social Class¡¨, 92-93.

5 A. Giddens, "Class division, class conflict and citizenship rights" in A. Giddens, Profiles & Citizens in Social Theory (London: 1982) D. Held, Citizenship and autonomy in Political theory and the Modern state (Cambridge: 1989)

6 M. Mann, "Ruling class strategies and citizenship" Sociology Vol. 21, No. 3, 339-354.

7 Bryan S. Turner, "Outline of a theory of citizenship" Sociology Vol. 24, No. 2, 1990, 189-217.

8 ¨È¨½¤h¦h¼w¡m¬Fªv¾Ç¡n1253a7  ƒz

9 ¦P¤W 1253a8-17

10 ¦P¤W 1275a20

11 ¨È¨½¤h¦h¼w¡m¬Fªv¾Ç¡n1253a19-29

12 ¦P¤W1275b22

13 Will Kymlicka and Wayre Norman, "Return of the Citizen: A Survey of recent work on Citizenship Theory" in Theorizing Citizenship, edited by R. Beiner, 1995, 286-288.

14 ¦P¤W

15 A. Oldfield, Citizenship and Community: Civic Republicanism and the Modern World, London: Routledge, 1990

16 W. Galston, Liberal Purposes:Goods, Virtues, and Duties in the Liberal State, Cambridge University Press,1991, 221-224.

 

 

 

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