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1.The perpetual virginity of Mary was explicitly defended by Church fathers like Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Ambrose, Jerome, Augustine and others.

2.Paul IV, in the Bull "Cum quorumdam" (1555), condemned those who denied the virginal conception and who taught that Joseph was the father of Jesus. The Pope ended with the assertion that Mary's virginity was threefold, "before birth, in birth and perpetually after birth" (DS 1880). Cf also the third canon of the first Lateran Council (649) which, though not an ecumenicalCouncil, was ratified by Pope Martin 1. The canon reads¡G "[Mary] in the fullness of time and without male seed, conceived by the Holy Spirit God the Word himself, who before all time was born of God the Father and incorruptibly brought him forth, and after his birth preserved her virginity inviolate. "(Mansi 10,1152).

3.Cf D.F. Strauss, DOS Leben Jesa kritish bearbeitet (Tubingen, 1835) I, p-75. "Theologoumenon " , in our context, means the transition of a purely theological concept into a seemingly historical narrative (cf R.E. Brown et al. (eds.), Mary in the New Testament, London, Chapman 1978, p. 124, n.273). It is different from the meaning given in¡G K. Rahner and H.Vorgrimler, Concise Theological Dictionary (London, Bums & Gates 1983@) p.497. The English-Chinese Vocabulary of Dogmatic Theology, published by Fu-jen Catholic University, Taiwan, (1985) follows Rahner's explanation.

4.The wording of the New Catechism was ambiguous and the Commission of Cardinals recommended that the words should indicate that Our Lady was always "adorned with the honour of virginity" which was "supremely in accord with the mystery of the Incarnation" (AAS 60, 1968, 688). The Supplement to a New Catechism puts it thus¡G " Jesus was not procreated by the intervention of man. He was conceived of the Holy Spirit, born from a young woman who was full of grace and chosen by God to be the Holy Mother of his Son."

5.For a Survey see M. O'Carroll, "The Virginal Conception. Some di Mariologia (Milan, Ed. Paoline 1986) pp. 1418-1424.

6.Cf F. Courth, "Historisch oder theologisch¡G eine falsche Alternative. Dogmatische Uberlegungen zum Problem der Jung-frauengeburt", in Theologie und Glauben 68 (1978) 283-296; R.Laurentin, "Sens et historicity de la conception virginale", in Studio medwevalia et nwriologica P. Carolo Balic OFM dicata (Rome, Antonianum 1971) pp. 515-542.

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7.For a brief sketch see R. Brown, The Birth of the Messiah (Garden City, Double-day 1977) pp. 29-32. For an extended treatment see, R.H. Fuller, The Foundation of New Testament Christology (London, Collins 1969). Readers must be aware of Fuller's functional and somehow adoptionist interpretation of the earlier stages of NT Christology.

8.Cf Acts 13¡G32-33

9.The first part of Ps 2¡G7 is echoed here.

10.To say that Mark bears witness to Jesus' divine Sonship through the episode of the baptism does not mean Mark held the view that Jesus became God's Son only at His baptism. Cf R.E. Brown et al. (eds.), op. cit., p.90 n.l88.

11.E.g. in some chtistological hymns: Ph 2:6-11; Col 1:15-20; Heb 1:1-4

12.Matthew keeps the title of Is 7¡G14¡G "Emmanuel¡G God with us". That it is equivalent to "Son of God" can be seen from Mt 2¡G15.

13.In view of their obvious christological concern some scholars deny that the Evangelists intend to present the virginal conception as historical fact. Cf R.H. Fuller, op. cit., pp.195f. This difficulty will be dealt with in part two of this article.

14.W. Pannenberg, Jesus - God and Man (London, SCM 1968) p. 143. Pannenberg argues that the account of the virgin birth intends to say that "Jesus first became God's Son through Mary's conception.

15.Cf Ignatius, Magn. 8,2; Eph 19,1; also Aristides, Apology 15:1;Justin, Apology 1,21 and 33. Cf also O. Piper, "The virgin Birth: The Meaning of the Gospel Accounts", Interpretation 18 (1964) 132.

16.Cf H.U. von Balthasar, "Concepito per opera dello Spirito Santo, nato dalla Vergine Maria", in AA. VV., lo credo. Riflessioni teologiche sulla professione di fede (Assisi, Cittadella 1977) pp.37-39.

17.Cf J. Galot, "La conception virginale du Christ". Gregorianum 49 (1968) 658f¡G "La maternite virginale par l'Esprit-Saint constitue le signe de la filiation divine, sa manifestation dans la chair II fallait encore qu'en tant qu'homme, il soit Fils de Dieu, engendre dans sa nature humaine, directement par Dieu."

18.Cf J. Ratzinger, Introduction to Christianity (London, Search Press, 1969) pp. 205-213.

19.Idem, Die Tochter Zion. Betrachtungen uber den Marienglauben der Kirche(Einsiedlen,Johannes V. 1987) p.50, n.g.

20.Cf I. de la Potterie, La verite dans Saint Jean (Rome, Biblicum 1977) vol. I, pp. 228-239. In these pages the author examines the profound meaning of the first and the last verse of the Johannine Prologue. The expression "eis ton kolpon toupatros" (1¡G18) forms an inclusion with the phrase "pros ton Theon" (1¡G1) at the beginning of the Prologue. Both prepositions "pros" (1¡G1) and "els" (1:18), when govering the accusative case, must be understood dynamically as meaning "towards". Hence, the two verses refer respectively to the eternel Word as always turned "towards" God the Father and the historical Jesus as constantly turned "towards" the bosom of the Father. It is precisely through this unique relationship towards his father that Jesus reveals the secret of the Father to us during his earthly life.

21.Concerning the consciousness of the historical Jesus, I follow the explanation given by K.Raher in his article, " Dogmatic Reflections on the Knowledge and Self-Consciousness of Christ", in Theological Investigations, vol.5 (London, Darton 1966) pp. 193-215. Cf also J.H.P. Wong, "Karl Rahner on the Conscious-ness of Jesus¡G Implications and Assessments", sianum 48 (1986) 255-279.

22.J. Jeremias has done a thorough study on the use of this address to the Father; ctAbba. Studien iw neutestamentlichen Theologie und Zeitgeschichte (Gottingen, Vandenhock & Ruprecht 1966)

23.For this reason Jesus always makes a distinction between "my Father" and "your Father" and never, not even once, confuses the two.

24.Cf K. Rahner, Mary Mother of the Lord. Theological Meditations (New York, Herder and Herder 1963) p.69. There Rahner points out that Mary's virginity and the origin of Jesus without an earthly father signify one and the same thing, not in words, but in actual existence¡G "God is the God of freely bestowed grace, who cannot be drawn down from on high by all our endeavours, whom we can only receive as the inexpressibly freely given gift of himself."

25.The Chinese version is taken from the Chinese Bible translated by The Studium Biblicum O.F.M. in Hong Kong. The text of RSV reads, "unless one is born anew", but in a footnote it states, "or from above". The original Greek "anothen" literally means "from above".

26.The reading in the plural is found in all the important Greek manuscripts; but the earliest date of these manuscripts does not go beyond the fourth century. Instead, the singular reading is found in citations of the Fathers of the second century or the beginning of the third, such as Justin, Irenaeus, Hippolytus. Origen knows both readings. Irenaeus and Terullian openly critcize the Gnostics for altering the text from singular to plural. For a discussion see A. Serra, "Vergine", in Nuovo Dizinario di Mariologia, pp. 1431

27.For contemporary theologians and scripture scholars who defend the reading in singular see¡G J. Galot, Eire ne de Dieu¡G In 1,13 = Analecta biblica 37 (Rome, Biblicum 1969); P Hofrichter, Nicht aus Blut sondern Monogen aus Gott geboren (Wurzburg, Echter 1978); 1. de la Potterie, "La Me re de J6sus et la conception virginale du Fils de Dieu", Marianum 40 (1978) 41-90

28.The absolutely "from above" character of the Incarnation is stressed by K. Rahner, op. it.,pp.67f¡G "The actual realization of the Incarnation of the Son of God is the absolutely free and Incalculable mystery of divine grace, and as such, stems not from below but entirely from above."

29.Cf K. Barth, Church Dogmatics (Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark 1956) vol. 1, part 2, pp. 192ff

30.K. Rahner, op. cit., pp.36f. Rahner calls Mary the "typical expression" of perfect Christianity (p.37)precisely because she is its "actual realization"(p.36).

31.As absolute response to God's grace Jesus Christ is of course the most perfect model of Christianity. But at the moment of the Incarnation, the conscious human response to the offer of grace is made through the consent of Mary, representing the whole humanity.

32.K. Rahner, op. cit., p..55

33.Cf LG 53; Augustine, De sancta virginitate, III, 3;Sermo 215, 4;Sermo 196, 1.

34.Cf Redemptoris Mater, n.12.

35.The charge of illegitimacy probably did occur. Cf R.E. Brown, The Birth of the Messiah, pp. 534-542¡G "The charge of Illegi- timacy".

36.Cf K. Rahner, op. cit., pp.66f¡G "Her will to virginity is in a true sense fully comprised in the readiness of the blessed Virgin to decrees of God's holy will, in whatever form; it was implicit in her freedom and her love as she said¡G Behold the handmaid of the Lord."

37.K. Rahner believes that the virgin Mary has important messages for all Christians, i.e., the virginal attitude of total dependence on God's grace, and the ability to renounce even good things of this world for the sake of the kingdom. Cf Idem, op. cit., pp. 70f.

38.The full title of R.E. Brown's book reads, The birth of the Messiah. A commentary of the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke. In Brown's treatment, priority is given to theological message over the propblem of historicity, though without omitting altogether questions of source and historcity, The following is an example of a different approach to the infancy narratives by a well-known Mariologist, R. Laurentin, Les Evangiles de l' Enfance du Christ. Vertie de Noel au-dela des myths (Paris Desclee 1982)

39.Cf R.E. Brown, The Birth of the Messiah, pp.37f.

40.Special references will be made to the following works: R.E. Brown, The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus (London, Chapman 1974); hereafter as Virginal Conception; R.E. Brown et al. (eds.), Mary in the New Testament. The Latter bears the subtitle: "A Collaborative Assessment by Protestant and Roman Catholic Scholars" and is the outcome of the studies made by an interdenominational group of NT scholars in USA.

41.Cf R.E. Brown, The Birth of the Messiah, pp.34f.; Brown lists eleven points shared by the Two infancy narratives. Cf also A. Feuillet, Jesus and His Mother; according to the Lucan Infancy Narratives and according to St. John (Still River, St Bede's Publications 1984)Pp.l55f.

42.Cf R.E. Brown et at. (eds.), op. cit., pp. 87f

43.Cf R.E. Brown, "The Birth Of the Messiah", p.34: "Since it is genrally agreed among scholars that Mt and Lk wrote independently of each other, without knowing the other's work, agreement between the two infancy narratives would suggest the existence of a common infancy tradition earlier than either Evangelist's work- a tradition that would have a claim to greater antiquity and thus weigh on the plus side of the historical scale. " Cf also Mary in the New Testament, p.111 and n. 234

44.Virginal Conception, p.53 Mary in the New Testament, p.92. This is not ot deny that Matthew was convinced of giving the right meterpretation to his text of Isaiah. We should admit that, under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, Matthew has brought forth the fuller meaning (sensus plenior) hidden in his text of the Old Testament.

45.Cf R. Laurentin, "Concepito dallo Sprito Santo. La Critica. L'esegesi e il senso", in AA. VV., La Madre del singore = Parola Spirito e vita no. 6 (Bologna, Dehoniane 1982) pp. 76-78

46.Cf J.A. Fitzmyer, "The Viriginal Conception". Theological Studies 34 (1973) 541-575. Fitzmyer considers four reasons for believeing that Luke intends a virginal conception iin his account. But all these four reasons are said to be inconclusive.

47.Cf R.E. Brown, "Luke's Description of the Virginal Conception", Theological Studies 35 (1974) 360-362; Mary in the New Testament., pp. 120f.

48.Cf Idem, Virginal Conception, p.31, n.37. In footnote 26 on p.25, Brown proposes three objections against the view of the virginal conception as a "theologoumenon".

49.Cf Ibid., p.62. Brown points out that the supposed "parallels" consistently involve a type of hiers gamos where a divine male impregnates a woman. There is no virginal conception in the real sense. Cf also, Mary in the New Testament, p.93, n.l96.

50.Cf R. Laurentin, Les Evangiles de l'Enfance du Christ, p.476; L. Legrand, "Fecondite Virginale selon l'Esprit dans ie Nouveau Testament", Nouvelle Revue Theologique 84 (1962) 785-805.

51.Cf Mary in the New Testament, pp.95; n.37 (see n.48 above) 124f. For a similar view see also Virginal Conception, p.31,

52.Cf Mary in the New Testament, toe. Cit. For the same conclusion, see also Virginal Conception, pp.66f.

53.Cf Mary in the New Testament, p.96

54.Brown holds that Matthew and Luke accepted the virginal conception as historical, though we cannot be certain of the source of their information; cf Virginal Conception, p.31.

55.R. Laurentin, art. Cit., in La Madre del Singore, p.81

56.Ibid. Laurentin refers to A. Serra's recent study on these two verses which, as the author points out, contain the formula indicating the transmission of a memory; cf A. Serra, Sapienza e contemplazione di Maria secondo Lc 2, 19.51b (rome, Marianum 1982). Cf also, A. Feuillet, op. Cit., pp.67-73.

57.Mary in the New Testament, p.lll and n.234

58.Cf R. Laurentin, art. cit., in La Madre del Signore, p.86. Criticizing the attempt of sometheologians at producing a kind of symbolic theology by emptying the historical content of the symbols, Laurentin states, "I loro argomenti sono accettabili e acquistano tutto il loro significato, se U simbolo i anche realta. " In this regard, K. Rahner has proposed a useful theory of "real symbol" according to which the symbolized reality is inseparably united to the symbol itself; cf "The Theology of the Symbol", Theological Investigations, vol. 4, pp. 221-252. For an illucidation of this important article of Rahner see J.H.P. Wong, Logos- Symbol in the Christology of Karl Rahner (Rome, Salesian UP 1984) pp. 74-82.

59.Cf DV 2. "This plan of revelation is realized by deeds and words having an inner unity¡G the deeds wrought by God in the history of by the words, while the words proclaim the deeds and clarify the mystery contained in them."

60.Cf A. Dulles, Models of Revelation (Dublin, Gill & Macmillan 1983) pp.66f. Dulles points out the "inner unity", and not merely "extrinsic" relationship, between word and event as formal and material elements of revelation.

61.Cf K. Rahner, Mary Mother of the Lord, pp.21f. While affirming that Holy Scripture is anorm and standard for the Church's faith and magisterium, Rahner says, "The Church preaches what she reads in Scripture. And because she preaches precisely what she has read unceasingly throughout the centuries, we too can repeat what the faith of the Church keeps on affirming concerning Mary." Hence, there exists a reciprocal relationship between Scripture and the teaching of the Church. The teaching of the Church should be regulated by Scripture; at the same time, it offers an authentic Scripture; cf DV 10.

62.In Rahner's mind, Mary is a real symbol of Christianity. She is the "typical expression" of perfect Christianity inasmuch as she is its "actual realization" (see n.30 above). Hence,"expression" and "reality" are united in one.

63.K. Rahner, op. cit., p.69¡G "Mary was not only called to live that (her virginity], in heart and mind, but visibly to represent and proclaim it by all she was, even in her physical existence. That is why she is a virgin spiritually and physically, solely and entirely at God's disposal."


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